The discovery of Comet SWAN by solar-watcher SOHO
An animation (click to enlarge) showing the movement of comet C/2020 F8 (SWAN) through successive all-sky maps made by the
Solar Wind ANisotropies (SWAN) instrument aboard the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO).
The sequence covers the period from 1 April to 9 May 2020.
One of the images that was used by Australian amateur Michael Mattiazzo to discover comet C/2020 F8 (SWAN). The image was taken by the Solar Wind ANisotropies (SWAN)
instrument aboard the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). It is a full-sky map showing differences in ultraviolet brightness between 10 and 11 April 2020. Most
spots are just residuals of star signals that have not been completely eliminated in the subtraction process. They are easily discarded, however, because they stay
fixed in the sky, while the comet (indicated by the labelled white arrow) changes position from day to day. On all SWAN maps, there are two large black areas. These are
regions that are too bright to be observed. One is centred on the Sun (indicated here with a yellow star), the other on parts of the SOHO spacecraft that reflect sunlight.
These areas are often surrounded by bright areas, because the stray light generated by the sun shade and SOHO is variable and so cannot be fully eliminated by the difference process.
Currently crossing in the skies above Earth, Comet C/2020 F8 (SWAN) has the potential to become a more prominent naked eye object by late May or early June. Yet it wasn't discovered by someone looking up at the night sky. Instead, the person was looking at a computer screen.
Amateur astronomer Michael Mattiazzo from Australia spotted this icy visitor from the outer Solar System while inspecting images that had been posted online from the Solar Wind ANisotropies (SWAN) instrument aboard the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO).
SWAN captures images in ultraviolet light, including a specific ultraviolet wavelength called Lyman alpha. This is a wavelength that is characteristically emitted by hydrogen atoms. The instrument's primary goal is to map changes in the solar wind, the variable flow of charged particles that is continuously released by the Sun into interplanetary space. In addition, it has become an effective discoverer of comets too because comets are also sources of hydrogen.
In the case of a comet, the hydrogen comes from the water vapour the icy core releases into space when heated by the Sun. And there is more, as solar radiation can break water molecules (H2O) into a single hydrogen atom (H) and a hydrogen-oxygen pair (which scientists call a hydroxyl radical, or OH). The result is a cloud of hydrogen that surrounds the comet, giving off a bright spot of Lyman-alpha light that can be spotted in the SWAN maps.
Almost every day, SWAN records a complete map of the sky. These raw sky maps are full of stars, making it difficult to pick out new comets, which may arrive at random from any direction. To make the job easier, successive maps are automatically subtracted from one another, removing the stars and leaving only variable or moving sources visible.
These 'difference images' are regularly posted online on the SOHO website, meaning that anyone with internet access can look at these 'comet tracker's maps' and join the search for new comets. To date, twelve of them have been spotted in the SWAN data since 1996, all of them by amateur astronomers, or citizen scientists as they are also known.
In the case of this current comet, Mattiazzo (who has already discovered eight comets using this method) found it by comparing the SWAN maps from several days in early April 2020. Once the comet had been announced, Gerald Rhemann, an Austrian astrophotographer, obtained a beautiful image of it from the desert in Namibia, clearly showing the spherical gas cloud of the comet's coma and its extended ion tail.
When the image was published as Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) on 29 April 2020 it helped bring the comet to wide scale attention. Another image, taken a few days later by British astrophotographer Damian Peach using a remote telescope in Chile and also featured as APOD, portrays the impressive comet's tail as it closed in on Earth.
The SWAN team's comet expert, Michael Combi from the University of Michigan, estimates that by 15 April the comet was ejecting about 1300 kg of water vapour every second, or about 4.4x1028 H2O molecules every second. That is a fast rate of ejection when compared to other comets.
"This is already three times more than Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at its best, when it was visited by ESA's Rosetta mission between 2014 and 2016," says Jean-Loup Bertaux, former principal investigator and proposer of the SWAN instrument.
The comet's vigour could be significant for observers on Earth. The more material ejected from the comet, the more sunlight it reflects and the more visible it becomes. Currently moving from the southern to the northern skies, it is just faintly visible to the naked eye, but current estimates suggest that, by the end of May, it could be significantly brighter - if it survives that long.
Comets are fragile objects, and can often break apart as they approach the Sun. In late April, the much anticipated Comet ATLAS suffered this fate, breaking into at least 30 fragments. Comet C/2020 F8 SWAN is now entering the 'danger zone' and will reach its closest point to the Sun on 27 May - at this time, the solar heating will be at its maximum.
It can be extremely difficult to predict the behaviour of comets that make such close approaches to the Sun, but scientists are hopeful that Comet SWAN will remain bright enough to see as it continues its journey. If the comet survives, star gazers on Earth should look for it near the bright star Capella in the constellation of Auriga, the Charioteer. This is almost certainly the only time the comet will be visible in our lifetimes: estimates are not yet fully precise, but it is clear that the comet's orbital period is measured in thousands or even millions of years.
Although Comet SWAN is only the 12th discovery from that particular instrument, it is the 3932nd comet discovered by SOHO. This extraordinary number is thanks to the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment (LASCO) instrument, with significant help from members of the public.
"Almost all of SOHO's comet discoveries so far have been made by citizen scientists scouring images returned by SOHO's LASCO instrument," says Karl Battams, LASCO team comet expert at the US Naval Research Laboratory and lead researcher of the Sungrazer Project.
"It's extremely exciting that our sun-watching observatory has spotted so many comets since its launch in 1995," says Bernhard Fleck, ESA SOHO project scientist. "We are eagerly awaiting, along with comet enthusiasts around the world, for the 4000th discovery, which might happen real soon."
More information
- The SWAN instrument was built in cooperation between Service d'Aeronomie (now, LATMOS) and the Finnish Meteorological Institute in Helsinki. It is still fully operational and since 1996 has observed the changing Lyman-alpha sky pattern over more than two full solar cycles.
- Comet profile from the MISAO Project.
- ESA: The discovery of Comet SWAN by solar-watcher SOHO (May 13, 2020).
- NASA: New Comet Discovered by ESA and NASA Solar Observatory (13 May, 2020).
