Observational Tests for Non--Equilibrium Ionization
in the Solar Transition Region and Corona
Contributors: D. Spadaro and A.F. Lanza (Osservatorio Astrofisico di
Catania), S.K. Antiochos (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C.), H.P.
Summers, A.C. Lanzafame and D.H. Brooks (University of Strathclyde,
Glasgow), P. McWhirter (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK).
Scientific Justification
Non--equilibrium ionization may be produced by a variety of processes in the solar corona, for example, by mass flows through the steep temperature gradients of the transition region or by impulsive heating and cooling. Deviation from equilibrium ionization would have a significant effect on the radiation from the corona and on the interpretation of solar observations. Therefore, it is important to determine observational signatures of non--equilibrium.
Departures from ionization equilibrium imply changes in the temperature of the peak abundance of the various ions, so that the corresponding lines would be formed at temperatures significantly different from the formation temperature deduced from equilibrium. This changes considerably the temperature--dependent Boltzmann factors appearing in the excitation rate coefficients for the spectral lines, which results in changes of the populations of the upper levels and, hence, the line ratios. Therefore, allowed transitions arising from the same ground level may prove effective for detecting non--equilibrium ionization in the solar transition region and corona plasma.
Spadaro et al. (1994) examined several temperature
sensitive line ratios which can be used as such signatures: C IV (1548.2
Å)/(312.4 Å), O IV (789.4 Å)/(554.4 Å), O V (629.7 Å)/(172.2
Å), O VI (1031.9 Å)/(173.0 Å), O VI (1031.9 Å)/(150.1 Å). These
line ratios were calculated for four coronal loop models which have a
steady siphon flow producing significant departures
from equilibrium ionization. In general, non--equilibrium causes a
considerable reduction in the line ratios with respect to equilibrium,
more than an order of magnitude
in the loop model with the largest mass flows. In particular, the C IV
line ratio is the most sensitive to non--equilibrium.
The considered line ratios were also calculated recently for a steady flow
model developed by Rosner & Vaiana (1977), which describes the initial
acceleration of the solar wind in the transition region and inner corona
segment of coronal holes. The results show an analogous, although smaller,
reduction in the line ratios calculated without the assumption of
ionization equilibrium.
We propose to apply this test to coronal loops and coronal holes
observed jointly by CDS and SUMER, selecting appropriate targets
on the limb and disc, particularly those where the lines exhibit strong
Doppler shifts. Co-pointing of CDS and SUMER as accurate as possible is
required in order to observe the same target.
EIT images are necessary to select the targets and to have
information on the location and morphology of the observed structures.
The observed line intensities and ratios will be compared with
those synthesized from hydrodynamic models with a consistent treatment of
the ionization balance and of total radiative losses, according to the most
recent and accurate theoretical atomic data. Owing to possible uncertainties
on calibration and atomic rates, it is better to take at least 3 lines
from each ion, rather than depending on a single line pair from each ion.
References
Rosner, R., & Vaiana, G.S., 1977, ApJ, 216, 141.
Spadaro, D., Leto, P., & Antiochos, S.K., 1994, ApJ, 427, 453.
The CDS part of the investigation
We plan to carry on two observing phases, using the CDS NIS during the
first phase for about 13 minutes, and the CDS GIS during the second phase
for about 40 minutes. The time required for the total CDS observation is
about 55 minutes.
Study details
Phase 1
Phase 2
Product:
Phase 1: 30 arcsec 4 arcmin image in seven lines. Phase 2: 30
10 arcsec image along the leg of the loop.
Joint Observations:
SUMER (co--pointing)
EIT
The SUMER part of the investigation
We plan to carry on four operational sequences (A, B, C, D), selecting
different wavelength bands on the detector A of the spectrometer. The
operational sequence A must be performed simultaneously to
the CDS phase 1 (NIS), scanning the raster correspondingly to the respective
CDS/NIS scan.
The other three sequences must be performed
in succession during the CDS phase 2 (GIS).
Operational Sequence A
Operational Sequence B
Operational Sequence C
Operational Sequence D
The EIT part of the investigation
Full EIT images are required to locate the targets. Moreover, we plan
to select 200 200 pixel regions containing the observed
structure, in order to study the evolution of its morphology and EUV
brightness. Sequences of images in the four EIT wavelength bands will
be taken every 2--3 minutes, as long as CDS and SUMER observations last.
An exposure time of 10 s is planned for each image, which could be
downlinked in about 12 s, assuming a compression factor of 10.